Relative Clause

Relative Clause adalah bagian dari kalimat (anak kalimat) yang memberi keterangan pada orang atau benda yang mendahuluinya. Istilah Relative Clause sama dengan Adjective Clause. Disebut Adjective Clause karena dia menerangkan benda atau orang yang mendahuluinya. Disebut Relative Clause karena dia menghubungkan (me-relate) benda atau orang tersebut dengan frasa di belakangnya. Relative Clause diawali dengan kata penghubung who, whom, whose, which, that, dengan fungsi sebagai berikut :

Who: menerangkan orang sebagai subject
Whom: menerangkan kan orang sebagai object (menggantikan me, you, us, him, her, them, it)
Whose:menerangkan orang sebagai pemilik (menggantikan my, your, our, his, her, their, its)
Which: menerangkan benda sebagai subject maupun object
That: menerangkan orang atau benda baik sebagai subject maupun object

Contoh:
Orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah pada kalimat sebelah kiri adalah sama dengan kata ganti orang atau benda yang bergaris bawah dalam kalimat sebelah kanan. Kata penghubung dibuat berdasarkan kata ganti orang atau benda dalam kalimat di sebelah kanan.

1. The fisherman gave us some tunas. He caught a lot of tunas.
--The fisherman who caught a lot of tunas gave us some. (subjek)
2. The farmer was away on holiday. I wanted to see him.
--The farmer whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. (objek)
3. The woman asked me. Her bike was lost.
--The woman whose bike was lost asked me. (pemilik)

Catatan; Dalam bahasa percakapan sehari-hari whom seringkali tidak dipakai, sebagai gantinya adalah who; Imet the man who you talked to last week.

Exercise 37 s/d 38

Exercise 37 (Relative Clauses)

1. The record that was reduced by this company became gold record.
2. Checking accounts, that require a minimum balance are very common now.
3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.
4. John whom grades are the highest in the school has received a scholarship.
5. Felipe bought the camera that has three lenses.
6. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.
7. The doctor is with the patient whom leg was broken in an accident.
8. Jane is the woman whom is going to China next year.
9. Janet wants a typewriter that self-corrects.
10. This book I found that last week contains some useful information.
11. Mr. Bryant whom team has lost the game looks very sad.
12. James wrote an article that indicated he disliked the president.
13. The director of the program whom graduated from Harvard University is planning to retire next year.
14. This is the book that I have been looking for this book all year.
15. William whom brother is a lawyer wants to become a judge.

Exercise 38 (Relative Clauses Reduction)

1. George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convertion.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffee is Mary Allen.
6. John’s wife a professor has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policeman is my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that I need.
9. The number of students counted is quite high.
10. Leo Evans a doctor eats in this restaurant every day.

Exercise 36

(Page 135) Causative Verbs
1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. Typed
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Wrote
7. Lie
8. Sent
9. to Cut
10. Sign
11. Leave
12. Washed
13. Fixed
14. Published
15. Find

Causative Verbs "Make"

Jack had his house painted.

This sentence is similar in meaning to: Someone painted Jack'shouse. OR Jack's house was painted by someone. Causative verbs expressthe idea of someone causing something to take place. Causative verbs canbe similar in meaning to passive verbs.

Examples:
• My hair was cut. (passive)
• I had my hair cut. (causative)

Make

'Make' as a causative verb expresses the idea that the person requiresanother person to do something.
Construction Chart

Subject + Make + Person + Base Form of Verb

Examples:
• Peter made her do her homework.
• The teacher made the students stay after class.

Make digunakan untuk memaksa seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Bentuknya adalah make + orang + verb.
Contoh:
• My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
• Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
• She made her children do their homework.

Exercise 32 s/d 34

Exercise 32(page 120) : Enough
1.People enough
2.French enough
3.Enough time
4.Fast enough
5.Soon enough
6.Enough early
7.Hard enough
8.Slowly enough
9.Enough flour
10.Books enough

Exercise 33(page 121) : Because / Because Of
1.Because of
2.Because of
3.Because of
4.Because
5.Because
6.Because
7.Because of
8.Because of
9.Because of
10.Because of

Exercise 34(page 124) : So / Such
1.So
2.Such
3.Such
4.So
5.So
6.So
7.Such
8.So
9.So
10.Such
11.So
12.So
13.Such
14.So
15.So

Adverb Clause

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

1. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
subject + verb + so that + subject + verb
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English.
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

2. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that wedecided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat)dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the factthat, dll.
Contoh:
Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the coldweather)
Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to thefact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as,as long as, inasmuch as.
Contoh:
Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wantedto take in a movie.Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilitiesfor peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verbdalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
a.ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b.MODIFYNG PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

1. DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
- While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fellasleep.
- Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming tothis country, Mary has made many friends.

2. TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
- While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
- While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

Exercise 21 s/d 31

Exercise 21 : Conditional Sentences

1. Understood.
2. Become.
3. Give.
4. Told.
5. Became.
6. Had.
7. Stopped.
8. Needed.
9. Found.
10. Enjoyed.
11. Painted.
12. Were.
13. Write.
14. Permited.
15. Spent.
16. Accepted.
17. Bought.
18. Decided.
19. Wrote.
20. Leaked.
21. Studied.
22. Heard.
23. See.
24. Get.
25. Turned.
26. Was.
27. Called.
28. Talked.
29. Explained.
30. Spoke.

Exercise 22 : Used To

1. eating.
2. eat.
3. swim.
4. like.
5. speak.
6. study.
7. dance.
8. sleep.
9. eating.
10. eat.

Exercise 26: Adjective and Adverbs

1. Well.
2. Intensely.
3. Brightly.
4. Fluently.
5. Fluently;
6. Smooth.
7. Accurate.
8. Bitter.
9. Soon.
10. Fast.



Exercise 27: Linking (Copulative) Verbs

1. Terrible.
2. Well.
3. Good.
4. Calm.
5. Sick.
6. Quickly.
7. Diligently.
8. Vehemently.
9. Relaxed.
10. Noisy.



Exercise 28: Comparisons

1. as soon as.
2. more important.
3. as well as.
4. more expensive.
5. as hot as.
6. more talented.
7. more colorfull.
8. happier.
9. worse.
10. faster.



Exercise 29: Comparisons

1. Than.
2. Than.
3. From.
4. Than.
5. As.
6. Than.
7. As.
8. Than.
9. Than.
10. From.



Exercise 30: Comparisons

1. Best.
2. Happiest.
3. Faster.
4. Creamiest.
5. More colorful.
6. Better.
7. Good.
8. Awkwarder.
9. Least.
10. Prettiest.
11. The better.
12. From.
13. Less impressive.
14. Sicker.
15. Than.
16. Twice more than.
17. Little.
18. Much.
19. Farthest.
20. more famous.

Exercise 31: Nouns Functioning as Adjectives

1. Twelve–story.
2. Language.
3. Three–act.
4. Two–day.
5. 79–piece.
6. Five–shelves.
7. 16–ounce.
8. Six–quart.
9. Made of brick.
10. Ten–speed.

Adverb

adverb adalah kata keterangan. Sebenarnya fungsi dan penjelasan tentang adverb itu panjang banget, tapi untuk memudahkan pembelajarannya bisa disederhanakan menjadi 4 fungsi, yaitu :

1. Memberikan keterangan waktu, frekuensi, dan tempat.
2. Menjelaskan kata kerja [verb]
3. Menjelaskan kata sifat [adjective]
4. Menjelaskan kata keterangan [adverb].

Fungsi pertama dan paling mudah dari adverb adalah memberikan keterangan tempat dan waktu/frekuensi. Seperti ini contohnya:

a. I found a dead man under the sea. [saya menemukan orang mati di bawah laut]

b. I go to school every day. [saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari]

Kita bisa lihat bahwa di kalimat (a) terdapat keterangan yang menunjukkan lokasi sesuatu (dalam kasus ini orang mati). Keterangan tersebut adalah keterangan tempat. Keterangan tempatnya adalah under the sea [di bawah laut]. Itulah yang kita sebut dengan keterangat tempat aliasadverb of place. Masih banyak lagi adverb of place yang bisa kita tahu. Misalnya on the table [di atas meja], in Jakarta [di kota Jakarta], inside the temple [di dalam kuil], behind you [di belakang kamu], dan lain-lain.

Nah kalau di kalimat (b), keterangannya merupakan keterangan waktu/frekuensi yang menunjukkan kapan sesuatu terjadi dan seberapa sering suatu aktivitas dilakukan. Keterangan yang kita temukan pada kalimat (b) adalah every day alias setiap hari. Contoh adverb of time or frequency yang lain diantaranya: twice a week [dua kali seminggu], yesterday [kemarin], tomorrow [besok], always [selalu], seldom [jarang], dsb.

Catatan: Biasanya adverb yang menunjukkan keterangan waktu/frekuensi dan tempat diletakkan di akhir kalimat; tapi posisi adverb terkadang bisa juga diletakkan di awal kalimat.

Fungsi kedua, selain keterangan tempat dan waktu/frekuensi, kita memakai adverb untuk menjelaskan sebuah kata kerja. Kedengerannya ribet, tapi nggak juga kok. Ciri-cirinya biasanya menggunakan akhiran –ly. Contoh :

c.1 I like chocolate cakes. [saya menyukai kue cokelat]

c.2 I really like chocolate cakes. [saya benar-benar menyukai kue cokelat]

Verb yang kita temukan dalam kedua kalimat di atas adalah to like, yang artinya menyukai.Adverb pada kalimat di atas bisa kita temukan pada kalimat (c.2), yaitu really. Bisa kita bandingkan bahwa kalimat (c.2) menambah derajat kesukaan saya (benar-benar menyukai) terhadap kue cokelat dibandingkan dengan kalimat (c.1) yang menunjukkan bahwa saya sekedar suka aja sama kue cokelat. Nah, really pada kalimat (c.2) di atas menjelaskan kata kerja “menyukai”. Itu salah satu contoh bahwa kita bisa pakai adverb untuk menjelaskan suatu kata kerja [verb].

Ini contoh berikutnya:

d.1 Anne hung up the phone immediately. [Dia menutup teleponnya dengan segera]

d.2 Anne immediately hung up the phone.

Nah dari kalimat (d), verb yang kita temukan adalah hung up, yang artinya menutup telepon.Adverb yang bisa kita temukan adalah immediately. Guna dari kata immediately adalah menunjukkan bagaimana si Anne melakukan aksi menutup teleponnya. Sesuai dengan makna kataimmediately, kita bisa tahu bahwa Anne menutup teleponnya dengan segera. Nah kataimmediately di atas berguna untuk menjelaskan atau memberi informasi tambahan kepada kata kerja [verb] di atas, yaitu hung up.

Catatan: Perbedaan posisi pada kalimat (d.1) dan (d.2) artinya sama saja.

Fungsi ketiga, fungsi dari adverb adalah menjelaskan kata sifat atau adjective. Contoh :

c.1 I am proud of my son. [saya bangga dengan anak laki-laki saya]

c.2 I am very proud of my son. [saya sangat bangga dengan anak laki-laki saya]

Kata sifat pada kalimat di atas adalah proud atau bangga. Bisa kita lihat bahwa dengan tambahan adverb di kalimat (c.2) berupa very, derajat kebanggaan kita menjadi berubah (jadi sangat bangga). Coba kita lihat kalimat selanjutnya.

d.1 I am afraid to ask question. [saya takut untuk bertanya]

d.2 I am too afraid to ask question. [saya terlalu takut untuk bertanya]

Nah coba kita bandingkan kalimat (d.1) dan (d.2). Adjective yang kita temukan dalam kedua kalimat adalah afraid, yang berarti takut. Nah di kalimat (d.2) gue menambahkan adverb yang berupa too [terlalu]. Kita bisa bedakan bahwa dengan tambahan kata too pada kalimat (d.2), derajat ketakutan gue pun berubah (yang tadinya takut menjadi terlalu takut). Nah itulah salah satu fungsi adverb, yaitu menjelaskan lebih lanjut mengenai suatu adjective [kata sifat].

Catatan: Untuk adverb yang menjelaskan adjective, posisi adverb biasanya diletakkan sebelum adjective tersebut.

Fungsi keempat, adverb bisa digunakan untuk menjelaskan adverb lainnya. Contohnya:

c.1 David Dories dances gracefully. [David Dories menari dengan gemulai]

c.2 David Dories dances extremely gracefully. [David Dories menari dengan luar biasa gemulai]

Nah seperti yang baru kita pelajari, adverb dalam kedua kalimat di atas adalah gracefully, yang berarti dengan gemulai. Nah gracefully menjelaskan bagaimana David Dories menari atau melakukan aktivitas tari (berarti adverb gracefully menjelaskan verb dances).

Lalu bagaimana jika kita menambahkan adverb lagi dalam kalimat (c.2)? Nah adverb barudalam kalimat (c.2) adalah extremely yang artinya luar biasa. Guna dari adverb tambahan ini adalah untuk menjelaskan adverb yang posisinya setelah adverb pertama. Hasilnya, kalimat (c.2) artinya menjadi berbeda (awalnya “menari dengan gemulai”; dengan tambahan adverb artinya berubah menjadi “menari dengan luar biasa gemulai]. Derajat kegemulaian menari David Dories pun berubah.

Semoga mudah dimengerti dan selamat belajar.